Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=140 BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <IMG SRC="22c5a310.jpg" border=0 width="90" height="49" ALT="HC logo" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A></div> <div> <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Philosophy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Expertise</A></div> <div> <A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Services</A></div> <div> <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">References</A></div> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A></div> <div> <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/re"><IMG SRC="2f6581f0.png" border=0 width="88" height="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 style=" border-bottom: 1px solid #555555;" BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>HurterConsult Incorporated</B></div> <div> <B>Consulting Engineers - Nonwood, Wood & Recycled Fiber Pulp, Paper, Fiberboard & Cellulosic Biofuel Projects</B></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=380 width="100%" colspan=2 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A><B>  / </B><B> </B><A HREF="us_patent_6_302_997.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="United States Patent 6,302,997 Process "><B>Up</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_characteristics.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A><B> </B></div> <div> <B>  <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking</B></div> <bR> <div> By Robert W. Hurter, P. Eng., MBA, President, HurterConsult Incorporated</div> <bR> <div> Extracted from "Agricultural Residues", TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course Notes, updated and expanded September 2001.</div> <bR> <div>  <a href="HTMLobj-886/plant_fiber_uses.pdf"><img align="bottom" border="0" width="153" height="17" alt="Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking" src="HTMLobj-886/download_pdf_LG_LARGE.gif"></a>  (requires Adobe Reader).</div> <bR> <div> Generally, nonwood plant fiber pulps can be grouped into two broad categories:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">common nonwoods or hardwood substitutes such as cereal straws, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo (shorter fiber species), reeds and grasses, esparto, kenaf (whole stalk or core fiber), corn stalks, sorghum stalks etc.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">specialty nonwoods or softwood substitutes such as cotton staple and linters; flax, hemp and kenaf bast fibers; sisal; abaca; bamboo (longer fiber species); hesperaloe etc.</div> <bR> <div> As with wood, there are differing chemical and physical properties within the two groups depending on the nonwood fiber raw material (see <A HREF="nonwood_characteristics.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics"><B>Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics</B></A>).</div> <bR> <div> The current uses of nonwood pulps include virtually every grade of paper produced including:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">printing and writing papers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">linerboard</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">corrugating medium</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">newsprint</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">tissue</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">specialty papers </div> <bR> <div> Typically, common nonwood pulps or hardwood substitutes are produced in integrated pulp and paper mills, and softwood kraft or sulfite pulp is added to provide the strength requirements to the paper. However, specialty nonwood pulp may be used instead of softwood kraft or sulfite pulp thus producing a 100% nonwood paper. And, in some cases, wastepaper pulp may be blended in the furnish. The nonwood portion of the furnish typically varies from 20 to 90% and can be even up to 100% depending on the paper grade and required quality. The possible combinations are endless and can be adjusted to meet market requirements.  </div> <bR> <div> Furthermore, it is possible to add small quantities (up to 20 - 30%) of common nonwood pulps to primarily woodpulp-based papers without impairing paper properties or paper machine runnability. This provides wood-based mills which are hardwood deficient but located within a region with available nonwood fiber resources such as cereal straw or corn stalks with the option of adding-on a nonwood pulping line to supplement their fiber requirements.</div> <bR> <div> Typically, the specialty nonwoods have physical properties superior to softwoods and can be used in lower amounts in the furnish when used as a softwood substitute. Specialty papers such as currency, cigarette papers, tea bags, dialectric paper etc. may be made from a furnish of 100% nonwood specialty pulps. Specialty pulps also may be used in combination with woodpulp to produce lightweight and ultra-lightweight printing and writing papers.</div> <bR> <div> Combinations of common and specialty nonwood pulps will permit the production of virtually any grade of paper to meet any quality requirements demanded in the global market. Adding possible combinations which include wood pulp, nonwood pulp and recycled wastepaper pulp increases the possibilities for developing paper with specific sheet properties designed to meet specific customers needs.</div> <bR> <div> The following table provides some uses for nonwood pulps in papermaking. It is by no means complete as many nonwood plant raw materials could be added to the table as well as products listed for each of the nonwood plant fiber raw materials identified. Rather this table provides an indication of the many possibilities which are available for the use of nonwood plant fibers in papermaking. When reviewing this table, please note:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The nonwood fiber in the furnish is chemical pulp unless noted otherwise.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In all cases for the balance of furnish, “kraft “ or “sulfite” means kraft or sulfite chemical pulp made from softwoods, and bleached, semi-bleached or unbleached depending on the type of paper or paperboard. The term “woodpulp” is used when either softwood kraft or softwood sulfite chemical pulp or a mixture of the two may be used. In some cases, where the nonwood fiber content of the furnish is low or the nonwood fiber is very strong, part of the furnish may be hardwood kraft together with softwood kraft and/or softwood sulfite.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Nonwood Fiber</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER ROWSPAN=2 WIDTH="31%"><div> <B>Type of Paper / Paperboard</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 WIDTH="49%"><div> <B>Furnish</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> <B>Named Nonwood Fiber</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Balance of Furnish</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=10 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Abaca</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> currency</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> cotton pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> filter paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade book & writing     </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade bond & ledger</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 30%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> bagasse or straw pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> nonwovens</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> synthetic fiber</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> sausage skins</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 90 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> flax or sisal pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> security paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tea bags</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 90 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> flax pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> wrapping & bag     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 30%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> bagasse or straw pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=13 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Bagasse</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> bristol board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> corrugating medium</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> duplex & triplex board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> glassine & greaseproof</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> sulfite pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> multiwall sack</div> <div> (requires Clupak)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint substitute</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 70 - 90%</div> <div> (chemimechanical)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint substitute</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 70 - 80%</div> <div> (mechanical)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint substitute</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 50 - 65%</div> <div> (chemimechanical)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 20% woodpulp, balance bleached bagasse</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 30 - 60%</div> <div> (chemimechanical)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 20 - 30% woodpulp, balance groundwood</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tissue</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> wrapping & bag papers</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 85%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Bamboo</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> bristol board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp and/or bagasse pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> duplex & triplex board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp and/or straw or bagasse pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> multiwall sack</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 80 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint substitute</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 70%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> groundwood pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> groundwood</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 70 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp and/or straw or bagasse pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> wrapping & bag papers</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 80 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Cotton</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> currency & security paper</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> flax</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade book & writing     </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade bond & ledger</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Ekara, Knagra & Nal grass mixed</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 70%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> wrapping</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=5 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Esparto</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> blotting paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cigarette burning tube</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 30%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> flax pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cigarette filter tip paper</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 70%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> flaw pulp or kraft pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> lightweight papers</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 70%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=6 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Flax</B> </div> <div> (bast fiber)</div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cigarette burning tube</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> currency</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> lightweight printing & writing     </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> ultra lightweight paper (bible)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> writing & book</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> security paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=5 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> <B>Hemp, true</B></div> <div> (bast fiber)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> cigarette paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, bagasse, straw, kenaf bast or jute bast pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> condenser paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, flax or cotton pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> currency</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> flax, cotton or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> lightweight printing & writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, flax or cotton pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> security paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> flax, cotton or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=4 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Jute</B></div> <div> (bast fiber)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> cigarette paper     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> hemp pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tag paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> woodpulp or bamboo pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> wrapping & bag paper</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> woodpulp or bamboo pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Kenaf</B></div> <div> (bast fiber)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> bleached paperboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, bagasse or straw pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> cigarette paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, flax, hemp or abaca pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> lightweight specialty papers</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, flax, hemp or abaca pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft, bagasse, straw or wastepaper pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> multiwall sack</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> kraft, bagasse or straw pulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 30%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wood, bagasse or kenaf core mechanical pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 20 - 40% woodpulp, balance mechanical pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, bagasse, straw, reeds or bamboo pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tissue</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp, bagasse or straw pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> <B>Kenaf</B></div> <div> (whole stalk)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> bleached paperboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> corrugating medium</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp and wastepaper pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> multiwall sack</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 40%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> newsprint</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 80 - 90%</div> <div> (chemimechanical)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 20 - 50%</div> <div> (chemimechanical)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tissue</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=6 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Phragmites communis reeds</B></div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> corrugating medium</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> duplex & triplex board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> linerboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 70%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 20 - 40% woodpulp, balance mechanical pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> wrapping - “B” grade</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> kraft pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=11 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Sisal</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> currency</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> cotton pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> filter paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade book & writing     </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> abaca, cotton or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> high-grade bond & ledger</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> abaca, cotton or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> lightweight bond & ledger</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> abaca, cotton or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> nonwovens</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 10 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> synthetic fiber</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> publication grades</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 15 - 20%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 10 - 15% woodpulp, balance groundwood</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> sausage skins</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 90 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> abaca or flax pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> security paper</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> cotton pulp or woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> tea bags</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> abaca or flax pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=7 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> <B>Straw</B></div> <div> (cereal & rice)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> corrugating medium</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 60 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> duplex & triplex board</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 80%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> glassine & greaseproof</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 40 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> sulfite pulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - woodfree</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 20 - 90%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> printing & writing - mechanical</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 30 - 50%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> 15 - 30% woodpulp, balance groundwood</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="31%"><div> strawboard</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div>  80 - 100%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> wrapping paper - “B” grade</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="20%"><div> 50 - 60%</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="29%"><div> wastepaper and/or woodpulp</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 85 WIDTH="17%"><div> <B>Sources:</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=3 WIDTH="80%"><div> 1.  Hurter, Robert W., “Agricultural Residues”, TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course.</div> <div> 2.  Hurter, A.M., “Utilization of Annual Plants and Agricultural Residues for the Production of Pulp and Paper”, Nonwood Plant Fiber Pulping Progress Report #19, TAPPI Press, pp. 49-70.</div> <div> 3.  Rangamannar, Goda, “Conventional Paper Grades & Pulp Properties”, TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course.</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="3" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="100%"><div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A> / <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Process Technology & Design Philosophy</A> /<B> </B><A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Areas of Expertise</A><B> </B>/<B> </B><A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Scope of Services</A> / <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">Project References</A> / <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A> / <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A> / <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A> / <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="us_patent_6_302_997.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="United States Patent 6,302,997 Process "><B>Up</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_characteristics.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A></div> <div> <B>  <center> <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Copyright © 2000-2008 HurterConsult Incorporated.  All rights reserved.</B></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table> </body>