100% Nonwood Fiber Content Papers - Part 4:

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=140 BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <IMG SRC="2875a310.jpg" border=0 width="90" height="49" ALT="HC logo" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A></div> <div> <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Philosophy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Expertise</A></div> <div> <A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Services</A></div> <div> <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">References</A></div> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A></div> <div> <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/re"><IMG SRC="2f6581f0.png" border=0 width="88" height="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 style=" border-bottom: 1px solid #555555;" BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>HurterConsult Incorporated</B></div> <div> <B>Consulting Engineers - Nonwood, Wood & Recycled Fiber Pulp, Paper, Fiberboard & Cellulosic Biofuel Projects</B></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=380 width="100%" colspan=2 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="arundo_donax.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Pulping, Bleaching and Papermaking C"><B>Up</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_paper_3.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Fiber Content Papers Part 3:"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A></div> <div> <B>  <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>100% Nonwood Fiber Content Papers - Part 4:</B></div> <div> <B>Bleached Papers Physical Properties</B></div> <bR> <div> By Robert W. Hurter, P. Eng., MBA, President, HurterConsult Incorporated, April 2002.</div> <bR> <div>  <a href="HTMLobj-902/nonwood_paper_4.pdf"><img align="bottom" border="0" width="153" height="17" alt="100% Nonwood Fiber Content Papers - Part 4: Bleached Papers" src="HTMLobj-902/download_pdf_LG_LARGE.gif"></a>  (requires Adobe Reader).</div> <bR> <div> The data contained in the following table is from an excellent paper entitled "Industrial Experiences & Problems Involved In Stock Preparation & Papermaking Utilizing Non-Wood Fibrous Materials", written by D.K. Misra, Thessalian Pulp & Paper Industries Ltd., Larisa, Greece, and published in 1975 in the TAPPI Non-Wood Plant Fiber Pulping Progress Report No. 6.</div> <bR> <div> This data was developed from tests on commercially produced paper and paperboards which were available at the time. Some of this data likely is a little outdated due to advancements in paper machine design such as improvements in Fourdrinier drainage and the development of twin wire paper machines and no-draw press sections, all of which allow for a high nonwood fiber fraction in the furnish. Nevertheless, this actual mill data still offers a valuable insight into the potential use of nonwood fibers in papermaking.  </div> <bR> <div> Unfortunately, since this paper was presented, no one has undertaken a similar ambitious project to determine the characteristics of currently available nonwood fiber content papers. With the renewed interest in nonwood fibers for papermaking in North America and Europe, perhaps the time has come for a research organization to undertake such a project.</div> <bR> <div> The following table provides physical properties of <B>bleached papers</B><B> produced using 100%  </B><B>nonwood pulps</B>. Even using pre-1975 technology, a few points to consider include:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">the overall strength properties of the paper seem to be satisfactory compared to paper produced with 100% woodpulp</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">onionskin typewriting papers produced with 100% cotton fiber possess excellent strength properties and permanence, for which they are sold at premium prices</div> <bR> <div> It is technologically possible to produce paper with 100% bagasse, wheat straw or reed pulps, but economically this is highly questionable because the paper machine speed typically must be reduced by 35-50% putting a serious limitation on achieving optimum production rates.  However, the situation may occur periodically in some developing nations due to lack of long-fiber pulp.  For a suitably designed paper machine (designed for this contingency), a production rate could be established at 75-80% level.  </div> <bR> <div> Regardless, adding 10-25% long fiber pulp is considered the most satisfactory method to maintain optimum production both for output and paper quality.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Bleached papers produced with 100% nonwood pulps</B></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> <B>Paper Grade</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> <B>Furnish</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> <B>Basis </B><B>Weight</B></div> <div> <B>(g/m</B><B>2</B><B>)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> <B>Ash</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Thickness</B></div> <div> <B>(microns)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Breaking</B></div> <div> <B>Length</B></div> <div> <B>(m)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Burst</B></div> <div> <B>Factor</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Tear</B></div> <div> <B>Factor</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> <B>Fold</B></div> <div> <B>No.</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Cobb</B></div> <div> <B>(g/m</B><B>2</B><B>)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Porosity</B></div> <div> <B>(sec/100cc)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Opacity</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Brightness</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Denison</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Finish</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 WIDTH="8%"><div> <B>% Hygro-Expansion</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=15 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="88%"><div> <B>Bagasse</B>     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> <B>MD</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> <B>CD</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   48</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="43" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>   70</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3534</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 22.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 58.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div>   7.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="79" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="60" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   52</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="43" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>   72</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3675</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 22.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 63.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 16.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="79" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="60" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   62</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="43" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>   86</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3860</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 23.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 56.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 12.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="79" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="60" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   71</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="43" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 120</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4296</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 24.6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 61.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 28.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="79" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="60" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="43" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 119</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4280</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 24.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 74.7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 39.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="79" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="60" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=17 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="96%"><div> <B>Reed</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Printing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 100% reed</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 10.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 170</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 2670</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>  9.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 47.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div>   2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 96.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 70.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>  4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 2.1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=17 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="96%"><div> <B>Straw</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% wheat straw</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   70</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   9.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 101</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4430</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 22.6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 56.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 184</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 85.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 89.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 3.0</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% wheat straw</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   70</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   8.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>   90</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 5390</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 29.4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 45.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 29</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 334</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 84.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 91.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> SC</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 3.6</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Printing & Writing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% wheat straw</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 10.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 105</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3400</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 20.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 50.9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div>   7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 91.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 74.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 11</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 2.7</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=17 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="96%"><div> <B>Cotton</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Writing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 100% cotton</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   0.4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>  55</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 6640</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 40.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 149.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 360</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 1060</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 53.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 92.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=17 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="96%"><div> <B>For Comparison</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Manifold</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   5.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>  60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4770</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 21.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 66.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 56</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 51.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 84.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="64" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="48" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Writing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   45</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   5.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>  62</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 5780</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 35.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="52" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 33</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 45</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 63.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 91.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>  7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 2.1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Writing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   60</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 10.7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>  80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4440</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 22.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 52.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 17</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 76.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 90.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>  7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 1.6</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Writing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   70</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   9.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3860</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 15.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 54.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 68</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 82.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 94.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 1.8</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="10%"><div> Writing</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   8.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 106</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 3730</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 17.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 56.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 29</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 85.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 11</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 1.9</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Offset Printing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   75</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 10.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div>  96</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 5080</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 30.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 66.7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 95</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 49</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 85.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 87.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 1.7</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Offset Printing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div>   5.6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 105</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4530</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 21.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 42.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 49</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 83.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 77.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 1.5</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Offset Printing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div>   90</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 12.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 130</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 20.4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 44.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 35</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 29</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 90.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 83.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 11</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> MF</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 0.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="4%"><div> 2.2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Offset Printing</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 100% woodpulp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> 12.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 130</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="6%"><div> 4040</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="5%"><div> 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