Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=140 BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <IMG SRC="2215a310.jpg" border=0 width="90" height="49" ALT="HC logo" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A></div> <div> <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Philosophy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Expertise</A></div> <div> <A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Services</A></div> <div> <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">References</A></div> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A></div> <div> <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/re"><IMG SRC="2f6581f0.png" border=0 width="88" height="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 style=" border-bottom: 1px solid #555555;" BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>HurterConsult Incorporated</B></div> <div> <B>Consulting Engineers - Nonwood, Wood & Recycled Fiber Pulp, Paper, Fiberboard & Cellulosic Biofuel Projects</B></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=380 width="100%" colspan=2 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_uses.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking"><B>Up</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Names Common Scien"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A></div> <div> <B>  <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics</B></div> <bR> <div> By Robert W. Hurter, P. Eng., MBA, President, HurterConsult Incorporated</div> <bR> <div> Extracted from "Agricultural Residues", TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course Notes, updated and expanded February 2006.</div> <bR> <div>  <a href="HTMLobj-884/plant_fiber_characteristics.pdf"><img align="bottom" border="0" width="153" height="17" alt="Nonwood Plant Fiber Characteristics" src="HTMLobj-884/download_pdf_LG_LARGE.gif"></a>  (requires Adobe Reader).</div> <bR> <div> There is considerable variability within a particular species of nonwood plant fiber raw material. Unlike wood which takes years to grow to pulpwood size, most commonly used nonwood plant fibers (some exceptions include bamboo, sisal, hesperaloe) are annual plants and the entire plant develops within a fairly short growing period. Plant genus, climate, soil conditions and farming practices all have a large impact on the plants and the ultimate pulp fiber.</div> <bR> <div> Generally, nonwood plant fiber pulps can be grouped into two broad categories:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">common nonwoods or hardwood substitutes such as cereal straws, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo, reeds and grasses, esparto, kenaf, corn stalks, sorghum stalks etc.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">specialty nonwoods or softwood substitutes such as cotton staple and linters; flax, hemp and kenaf bast fibers; sisal; abaca; bamboo; hesperaloe etc.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Physical Characteristics</B></div> <bR> <div> Softwoods are relatively uniform consisting of over 90% tracheid fibers and only 10% stubby ray cells and other fines. Hardwoods by comparison are more heterogeneous and contain only about 50% tracheid fibers and a large number of vessel cells and ray cells. </div> <bR> <div> Nonwoods, however, have large differences in their physical and chemical characteristics, and they all contain to varying degrees a wide variety of fiber and cell types. Monocots such as cereal straws, sugarcane bagasse and corn stalks are more similar to hardwoods as the “fiber” fraction is in the same order; however, they are much more heterogeneous and contain a large proportion of very thin-walled cells, barrel-shaped parenchymous cells, and vessel and fine epidermal cells in a wide range of dimensions. Dicots such as flax straw, kenaf and hemp contain two distinct fiber types: an inner core of short fibers surrounded by a layer of longer bast fibers. Core fibers typically contain more lignin and are more difficult to pulp.</div> <bR> <div> Fiber dimensions of various nonwoods are provided in the following table. </div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Fiber dimensions of various nonwoods</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER ROWSPAN=2 COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> <B>Fiber </B><B>Source</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=3 WIDTH="32%"><div> <B>Length (microns)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=3 WIDTH="29%"><div> <B>Diameter (microns)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER ROWSPAN=2 WIDTH="10%"><div> <B>L/D</B></div> <div> <B>Ratio</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Maximum</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Minimum</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <B>Average</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Maximum</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Minimum</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Average</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Bast Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Common industrial hemp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 55000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 5000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 20000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 22</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1000:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Jute (1)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4520</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 470</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1060</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 72</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 26</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 45:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Jute (2)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 5000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 500</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 68</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 100:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Kenaf</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 7600</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 980</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2740</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 135:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Oilseed flax tow</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 45000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 10000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 27000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 22</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1250:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Textile flax tow</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 55000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 16000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 28000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 28</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1350:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Core Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Common industrial hemp</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 510</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 31</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 16:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Kenaf</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 400</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 600</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 37</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Leaf Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Abaca</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 12000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 2000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 36</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 300:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Sisal</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1500</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3030</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 17</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 180:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Seed Hull Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Cotton staple</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 50000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 30000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1500:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Cotton linters</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 2000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3500</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 27</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 17</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 165:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Stalk Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="8%"><div> Canes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> sugarcane bagasse</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2800</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 800</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1700</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 85:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> bamboo (wide range)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 3500 - 9000</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 375 - 2500</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 1360 - 4030</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 25 - 55</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 3 - 18</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 8 - 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 135 - 175:1</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="8%"><div> Cereal straw</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> wheat, rye, oats, barley, mixed</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3120</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 680</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1480</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 110:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> rice</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3480</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 650</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1410</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 175:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=4 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Grasses</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> esparto</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1600</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 600</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 120:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> lemon</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1320</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 145:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> sabai     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4900</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 450</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2080</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 28</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 230:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> switchgrass</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1370</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 12.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 110:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="8%"><div> Reeds</div> <div>      </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> arundo donax</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1180</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 78:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> papyrus</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 8000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 300</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1500</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 25</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 125:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> phragmites communis</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1500</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 37</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 75:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=4 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="8%"><div> Stalks</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> corn</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2800</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 680</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1260</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 10</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 80:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> cotton</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 700</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 860</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 45:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="18%"><div> grain sorghum</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1650</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 80</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 47</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 35:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> hesperaloe funifera</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="86" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3200</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="75" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 213:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=9 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="97%"><div> <B>Woods  - for comparison</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="26%"><div> Coniferous (softwood)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3600</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 2700</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 43</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 100:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Deciduous (hardwood)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1800</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 1000</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1250</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 50</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 25</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="10%"><div> 50:1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> <B>Sources:</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=8 WIDTH="89%"><div> 1.  Hurter, Robert W., “Agricultural Residues”, TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course.</div> <div> 2.  Hurter, A.M., “Utilization of Annual Plants and Agricultural Residues for the Production of Pulp and Paper”, Nonwood Plant Fiber Pulping Progress Report #19, TAPPI Press, pp. 49-70.</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Chemical Characteristics</B></div> <bR> <div> The chemical composition of nonwood plant fibers varies widely depending on the type of plant and the soil and growing conditions. The following table gives chemical characteristics of various nonwoods for well-cleaned raw materials. Regarding chemical composition,</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all nonwoods are characterized by a lower lignin content than wood and a higher pentosan or hemicellulose content </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">stalk fibers are closer to hardwoods in chemical properties than to softwoods - the major difference is in the higher ash and silica content of these nonwoods</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">oilseed flax bast fiber has similar chemical properties to hardwoods; however, it has physical properties superior to softwoods.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b7010411111100.png" HEIGHT="17" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cotton staple and linters fibers are in a class of their own with respect to chemical properties - they contain an alpha cellulose content double that of softwoods and only a fraction of the lignin contained in all of the other fibers.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Chemical properties of various nonwoods</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> <B>Fiber Source</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> <B>Cross & Bevan Cellulose</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <B>Alpha Cellulose</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><bR> <div> <B>Lignin</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><bR> <div> <B>Pentosans</B></div> <div> <B>(</B><B>%)</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><bR> <div> <B>Ash</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><bR> <div> <B>Silica</B></div> <div> <B>(%)</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Bast Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Common industrial hemp - bast</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 55 - 65</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4 - 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 5 - 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> < 1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Common industrial hemp - core</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 39 - 49</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 17 - 22</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 16 - 23</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 4.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> < 1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Common industrial hemp - whole stalk</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 43 - 51</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 11 - 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 9 - 13</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4.5 - 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Jute (1)</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 57 - 58</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 39 - 42</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 21 - 26</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 18 - 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 0.5 - 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Jute sticks (whole jute)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 43</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Kenaf - bast</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 47 - 57</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 31 - 39</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 7.5 - 9.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 16 - 23</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 5.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Kenaf - core</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 17.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 19.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Oilseed flax tow</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 47</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 23</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 25</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Textile flax tow</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 76 - 79</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 50 - 68</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 10 - 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6 - 17</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Leaf Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Abaca</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 78</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 61</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 17</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Sisal</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 55 - 73</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 43 - 56</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 8 - 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 21 - 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 0.6 - 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Seed Hull Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Cotton staple</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 85 - 90</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 3.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1 - 1.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="25%"><div> Cotton linters</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 80 - 85</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 3.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1 - 1.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Stalk Fibers</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="9%"><div> Canes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> sugarcane bagasse</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 49 - 62</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 32 - 44</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 19 - 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 27 - 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1.5 - 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 0.7 - 3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> bamboo</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 57 - 66</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 26 - 43</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 21 - 31</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 15 - 26</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1.7 - 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1.5 - 3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=5 HEIGHT= 25 WIDTH="9%"><div> Cereal straw</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> barley</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 47 - 48</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 31 - 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 14 - 15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 24 - 29</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 5 - 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 6</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> oat</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 44 - 53</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 31 - 37</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 16 - 19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 27 - 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6 - 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4 - 7</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> rice</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 43 - 49</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 28 - 36</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 12 - 16</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 23 - 28</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 15 - 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 9 - 14</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> rye</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 50 - 54</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 33 - 35</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 16 - 19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 27 - 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 0.5 - 4</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> wheat</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 49 - 54</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 29 - 35</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 16 - 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 26 - 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4 - 9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 7</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=4 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Grasses</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> arundo donax</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 29 - 33</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 21</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 28 - 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 4 - 6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1.1 - 1.3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> esparto</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 50 - 54</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 33 - 38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 17 - 19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 27 - 32</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 6 - 8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2 - 3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> sabai     </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 54 - 57</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 17 - 22</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 18 - 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 5 - 7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3 - 4</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> switchgrass</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="92" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 43</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 34 - 36</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 22 - 24</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1.5 - 2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="69" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="9%"><div> Reeds</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="16%"><div> phragmites communis</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 57</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 45</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 22</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 20</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Woods  - for comparison</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Coniferous (softwood)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 53 - 62</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 40 - 45</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 26 - 34</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 7 - 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Deciduous (hardwood)</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 54 - 61</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 38 - 49</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 23 - 30</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 19 - 26</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> 1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="11%"><div> <1</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 48 WIDTH="92%"><div> <B>Note:   For well cleaned raw material</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#111111" FACE="Arial" >  - the composition of uncleaned raw material will be different with respect to pentosans, solubles, ash and silica content in many cases.</FONT></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 59 ><NOBR><div> <B>Sources:</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=7 WIDTH="83%"><div> 1.  Hurter, Robert W., “Agricultural Residues”, TAPPI 1997 Nonwood Fibers Short Course.</div> <div> 2.  Hurter, A.M., “Utilization of Annual Plants and Agricultural Residues for the Production of Pulp and Paper”, Nonwood Plant Fiber Pulping Progress Report #19, TAPPI Press, pp. 49-70.</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Papermaking</B></div> <bR> <div> The wide variety of physical and chemical properties offered by nonwood plant fibers provides virtually endless opportunities for papermaking.  Combinations of common and specialty nonwood pulps will permit the production of virtually any grade of paper to meet any quality requirements demanded in the global market.  Adding possible combinations which include wood pulp, nonwood pulp and recycled wastepaper pulp increases the possibilities for developing paper with specific sheet properties designed to meet specific customers needs. <A HREF="nonwood_uses.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking"><B>Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking</B></A> provides just some of the many possibilities for the use of various nonwoods in papermaking.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="3" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="100%"><div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A> / <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Process Technology & Design Philosophy</A> /<B> </B><A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Areas of Expertise</A><B> </B>/<B> </B><A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Scope of Services</A> / <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">Project References</A> / <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A> / <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A> / <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A> / <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="nonwood_uses.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Uses in Papermaking"><B>Up</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="nonwood_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Nonwood Plant Fiber Names Common Scien"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A></div> <div> <B>  <center> <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Copyright © 2000-2008 HurterConsult Incorporated.  All rights reserved.</B></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>