Chemical Properties of Dissolving Pulps from Nonwood Fibers

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=140 BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <IMG SRC="2cd5a310.jpg" border=0 width="90" height="49" ALT="HC logo" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Incorporated">Home</A></div> <div> <A HREF="philosophy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Process Technology Design Philosoph">Philosophy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="expertise.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Areas of Expertise">Expertise</A></div> <div> <A HREF="services.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Our Scope of Services">Services</A></div> <div> <A HREF="cellulosic_biofuels.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cellulosic Biofuel">Cellulosic Biofuel</A></div> <div> <A HREF="references.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Project References">References</A></div> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult Favorite Links">Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult">Contact Us</A></div> <div> <A HREF="legal_notice.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Legal Notice About This Web Site">Legal Notice</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/re"><IMG SRC="2f6581f0.png" border=0 width="88" height="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 style=" border-bottom: 1px solid #555555;" BGCOLOR="#009900" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>HurterConsult Incorporated</B></div> <div> <B>Consulting Engineers - Nonwood, Wood & Recycled Fiber Pulp, Paper, Fiberboard & Cellulosic Biofuel Projects</B></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=380 width="100%" colspan=2 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="info.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HurterConsult News Info"><B>News & Info</B></A><B> </B><B> /  </B><A HREF="soda_cotton_stalks_pulp.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SodaAQ Pulping of Cotton Stalks"><B>Up</B></A><B> </B><B> /  </B><A HREF="arundo_donax.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Pulping, Bleaching and Papermaking C"><B>Down</B></A><B>  /  </B><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact HurterConsult"><B>Contact Us</B></A></div> <div> <B>  <FORM method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search" TARGET=_blank> <input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=hidden name=oe value=UTF-8> <TABLE bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tr><td> <A HREF="http://www.google.com/" TARGET=_blank> <IMG SRC=http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif border="0" ALT="Google" align="middle"></A> </td> <td> <INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=""> <INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE="Google Search"> <input type=hidden name=domains value="www.HurterConsult.com"><br><input type=radio name=sitesearch value=""> Search WWW <input type=radio name=sitesearch value="www.HurterConsult.com" checked> Search www.HurterConsult.com <br> </font> </td></tr></TABLE> </FORM>   </B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Chemical Properties of Dissolving Pulps from Nonwood Fibers</B></div> <bR> <div> By Alfred M. Hurter, P. Eng., "Utilization of Annual Plants and Agricultural Residues for the Production of Pulp and Paper", TAPPI 1988 Pulping Conference Proceedings, pages 139 - 160.</div> <bR> <div> Updated by Robert W. Hurter, P. Eng., MBA, President, HurterConsult Incorporated, January 2003.</div> <bR> <div>  <a href="HTMLobj-906/nonwood_dissolving.pdf"><img align="bottom" border="0" width="153" height="17" alt="Chemical Properties of Dissolving Pulps from Nonwood Fibers" src="HTMLobj-906/download_pdf_LG_LARGE.gif"></a>  (requires Adobe Reader).</div> <bR> <div> Dissolving pulps are high alpha cellulose, low ash pulps that are used to produce various products such as viscose rayon, cellulose esters (acetates, proprionates, butyrates, nitrates) and cellulose ethers (carboxymethyl, ethyl, methyl).  </div> <bR> <div> Because of the high pentosan content of most nonwood fiber raw materials, the prehydrolized kraft process has been used for most of the laboratory testing conducted to date and for the very few commercial dissolving pulp mills that have been built based on nonwood fiber raw materials (primarily cotton and bamboo).  This process, however, is complicated and expensive from both a capital and operating viewpoint.  Depending on the nonwood fiber raw material, it may be possible to reduce the capital and operating costs by using a prehydrolized soda-anthraquinone process but this would have to be tested prior to developing a commercial facility.</div> <bR> <div> Hurter provided the following data on dissolving pulps from various fiber raw materials.</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="98%" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="22%"><div> <B>Chemical Properties</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Bagasse</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Bamboo</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> <B>Cotton</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> <B>Sisal</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> <B>Prehydrolized</B></div> <div> <B>Hardwood Kraft</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>Softwood</B></div> <div> <B>Sulphite</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="19%"><div> Ash</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.04 - 0.15</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.06 - 0.11</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.10 - 0.15</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.08 - 0.15</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.06 - 0.08</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="19%"><div> Pentosan</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 4.0 - 6.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 2.5 - 3.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 1.6 - 2.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 3.0 - 5.0</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Alpha Cellulose</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 92 - 94</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 90 - 94</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 97 - 98</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 92 - 93</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 93 - 96</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 93 - 95</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Beta Cellulose</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 3.5 - 5.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 1.6 - 3.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 2.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 1.5 - 2.6</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Gamma Cellulose</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 1.8 - 3.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 2.5 - 3.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 7.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 1.0 - 3.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 3.2 - 8.7</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="19%"><div> Alcohol-Benzene Extraction</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> %</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.3 - 0.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.3 - 0.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.2 - 0.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 0.03 - 0.26</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.2 - 0.4</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="19%"><div> Degree of Polymerization</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="18" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 525 - 840</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 1026 - 1030</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 1440</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 500 - 1000</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> 500 - 1000</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 WIDTH="19%"><div> Viscosity</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><div> cp</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 13 - 14</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 31.9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 8 - 12</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 15 - 45</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 2 ><NOBR><div> Copper Number</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="3%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="18" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.23</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><div> 0.06</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="12%"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="2" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="71" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="14%"><div> 0.3 - 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